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Exfoliatins (0):
Recent article
Exfoliatins
Abstract
We aimed to establish a novel multiplex real-time PCR method to distinguish SCCmec type, which enables us to evaluate the pathogenicity of MRSA. A total of 778 MRSA were isolated at Nagasaki University Hospital from 2000 to 2007. All isolates were subjected to minimal inhibitory concentration testin...
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PMID: 20139668
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
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Abstract
We investigated the fate of desmoglein 1 in biopsies of patients with SSSS to see whether the ectodomain of desmoglein 1 is cleaved. Our data largely confirm previous in vitro data. The different biopsies demonstrated the loss of the ectodomain of desmoglein 1 to different degrees. The endodomain of...
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PMID: 20558334
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Biomedical Papers (153)3 2009
Abstract
A higher prevalence of selected virulence genes was not confirmed in the methicillin-resistant S. aureus group. This indicates no further increase in their threat....
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PMID: 19851435
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
In this study a comprehensive analysis of toxin production of food associated coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) was investigated. The strains belong to the following staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus condimenti, Staphylococcus equorum, Staphylococcus piscifermentan...
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PMID: 18752861
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Medical Microbiology (57)Pt 10 2008
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 273 Staphylococcus aureus isolates positive for the exfoliative toxin-encoding gene obtained from patients with impetigo in Japan in 2006 were studied. The mecA gene was detected in 74 meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 23 metic...
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PMID: 18809554
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
In the present study, Staphylococcus (S.) hyicus strains isolated in Russia (n = 23) and Germany (n = 17) were investigated for the prevalence of the previously described genes sheta and shetb. Sheta was detected in 16 S. hyicus strains. Sheta-positive strains were mainly found among strains isolate...
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PMID: 18716454
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
National surveillance of healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing allowed identification of rarely occurring 'sporadic' isolates with patterns significantly distinct from those of major epidemic clones of m...
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PMID: 18558938
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We have analyzed 101 nonrepetitive invasive MSSA isolates from infected patients, consecutively isolated during 14 months between 2006 and 2007 at University Hospital Basel. They were genetically characterized according to S. aureus protein A (spa) types and important virulence-associated genes. Six...
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PMID: 18299910
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We describe recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms of action of staphylococcal exfoliative toxins, which act as "molecular scissors" to facilitate percutaneous bacterial invasion of mammalian skin by cleavage of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion molecules. The species-specificity of staphy...
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PMID: 17582744
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
An outbreak of staphylococcal bullous impetigo occurred over a period of five months in a maternity ward involving seven infected and two colonised neonates. The skin lesions were due to epidermolytic toxin A-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Infection control measures were implemented and a retrospe...
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PMID: 17945394
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Archives of Dermatology (143)10 2007
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors ETA, ETB, and PVL are associated with WBC counts from infected skin lesions. The exact role they play in affecting the WBC counts remains to be determined....
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PMID: 17938339
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (124)3-4 2007
Abstract
We investigated the carriage of Staphylococcus hyicus and their exfoliative toxin genes (exhA, exhB, exhC, exhD, and shetb) among 424 pigs from 38 Japanese pig farms by PCR and characterized the isolates by 16S-23S intergenic spacer region polymorphism analysis. S. hyicus (n=207) were isolated from...
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PMID: 17543479
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
In the present study, previously characterized Staphylococcus hyicus isolated in Russia (n=23) and Germany (n=17) were investigated for the prevalence of the exfoliative toxin encoding genes exhA, exhB, exhC and exhD by multiplex PCR resulting in the detection of exhD positive strains among the S. h...
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PMID: 17062120
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Phenotypic properties and species-specific PCR tests based on the nuc gene of Staphylococcus intermedius and S. aureus, and a conserved region of 16S rDNA were used to identify 45 S. intermedius and four S. aureus isolated from samples of dogs during routine diagnostics. Four S. pseudintermedius str...
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PMID: 17062121
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Exfoliative toxin D (ETD) was identified recently as a new exfoliative toxin serotype. Like other exfoliative toxins, ETD induces intra-epidermal cleavage through the granular layer of the epidermis of neonatal mice. The distribution of ETD production was investigated in Staphylococcus aureus isolat...
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PMID: 16700711
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Neurological Surgery (34)4 2006
Abstract
Long-term results of radiosurgery for epidermoid tumors are reported. There are 7 cases including 2 males and 5 females, ages ranging from 6 to 46 (mean: 33.3 years). At radiosurgery whole tumor was covered in 4 cases and partially covered in 3 cases in attempting to relieve cranial nerve signs like...
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PMID: 16613218
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We have altered the putative ETA active-site serine-195 to glycine by site-directed mutagenesis. No epidermolytic activity was detected when up to 100-fold greater amounts of the homogeneous mutant ETA were injected subcutaneously into neonatal mice showing that serine-195 is required for toxicogene...
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
European Journal of Pediatrics (164)12 2005
Abstract
Prevention of progression of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome by molluscum contagiosum indicated a possible interference by viral anti-cytokine molecule such as interleukin-18 binding protein.
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PMID: 16091916
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Dermatology (16)5 2005
Abstract
Exudative epidermitis (EE) is an acute, often fatal skin disease of piglets caused by Staphylococcus hyicus. Clinical and histopathological manifestations of EE are similar to those of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), a human blistering skin disease, in which exfoliative toxins produced...
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PMID: 16238811
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Record (157)13 2005
Abstract
A total of 218 isolates of Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs in eight countries (Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Japan, Korea, Slovenia, the uk and the usa) and 44 isolates from other animals in Belgium, India, Japan and the usa were examined for the genes encoding the exfoliative toxins ExhA, ExhB, ExhC a...
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PMID: 16183896
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea to see, seg, and seh), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tst), and exfoliative toxins (eta and etb) were not detected in a large panel of 48 Staphylococcus sciuri group isolates tested. This strongly suggests that production of the staphylococcal exotoxins...
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PMID: 16145164
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Experimental Dermatology (14)8 2005
Abstract
We recently showed that epidermal acid sphingomyelinase (A-SMase) generates ceramides with structural function in the stratum corneum lipid bilayers, which provide for the permeability barrier function of the skin. Here, we examined the activities of epidermal A-SMase, ceramide synthase, and ceramid...
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PMID: 16026583
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We developed an in vitro quantitative assay to evaluate the pathogenic strength of anti-Dsg3 IgG autoantibodies in blister formation. To obtain intercellular adhesion mediated dominantly by Dsg3, we used primary cultured normal human keratinocytes expressing low level of Dsg2 in the presence of exfo...
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PMID: 15854034
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We sought a possible correlation between the clinical manifestations of staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS) and the serotype of exfoliative toxins (ET) by PCR screening of the eta and etb genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 103 patients with generalized SSSS and 95 patients...
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PMID: 15815014
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We tested the reliability of a flow cytometry-assisted multiplex immunoassay (Bio-Plex system) for the detection of ETA and ETB. The Bio-Plex system was found to be highly specific and highly sensitive for toxin concentrations of between 2 and 80,000 pg/ml. The results of this assay were 100% identi...
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PMID: 15750064
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (105)3-4 2005
Abstract
Staphylococcus chromogenes is closely related to Staphylococcus hyicus, which is recognised as the causative agent of exudative epidermitis (EE) in pigs. S. chromogenes is part of the normal skin flora of pigs, cattle and poultry and has so far been considered non-pathogenic to pigs. A strain of S....
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PMID: 15708827
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Microbial Pathogenesis (39)5-6 2005
Abstract
We attempted to identify the molecular target of Exhs in porcine skin. Each of recombinant Exhs injected in the skin of pigs caused superficial epidermal blisters or crust formation. Cell surface staining of desmoglein 1, but not that of desmoglein 3, was abolished when cryosections of normal porcin...
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PMID: 16257503
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Folia Microbiologica (50)6 2005
Abstract
Rapid and specific detection of exfoliative toxin (ET)-producing Staphylococcus aureus strains by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for identification of exfoliative toxin genes in a diverse set of 115 clinical S. aureus strains isolated in 14 Czech cities between 1998 and 2004. Fif...
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PMID: 16681147
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Biochemistry (136)6 2004
Abstract
Many children suffer from the bacterial skin diseases bullous impetigo and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS). Staphylococcus aureus, which produces exfoliative toxins (ETs), causes these diseases. Recently, it was proven that ETs cleave the cell adhesion molecule desmoglein (Dsg) 1, which...
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PMID: 15671483
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We hypothesized that Dsg1 compensates for the loss of Dsg3 in the anagen hair follicles of these Dsg3-/- mice. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found Dsg1 and Dsg3 expression overlapping in the companion layer. To functionally address this hypothesis, we used exfoliative toxin A (ETA) to inactiva...
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PMID: 15482466
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Differentiation (72)8 2004
Abstract
We recently cloned two novel additional mouse Dsg1 genes, Dsg1-beta and -gamma, which flank the original Dsg1-alpha on chromosome 18. Sequence conservation between the Dsg1 isoforms diverged significantly at exon 11, particularly in the region that encodes for the extracellular anchoring (EA) domain...
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PMID: 15606502
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
SEB was most frequently detected from S. aureus on the skin of these patients as previously reported. And ETx, to which little attention has been paid so far, was frequently detected next to SEB. Furthermore, ETA was detected from the sera of almost all the AD patients. SEB was not detected at all....
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PMID: 15196290
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Microbiology (150)Pt 4 2004
Abstract
A 1.4 kb positive regulatory element (ETA(exp)) that controls staphylococcal exfoliative toxin A (sETA) transcription was cloned from Staphylococcus aureus. ETA(exp) is located upstream of the cloned 5.8 kb eta gene (etaJ1) obtained from the chomosomal DNA of S. aureus ZM, the standard ETA-producing...
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PMID: 15073304
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Bacteriology (186)6 2004
Abstract
Exfoliative toxins produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus hyicus mediate exudative epidermitis in pigs. In this study the genes coding for four different exfoliative toxin from S. hyicus (ExhA, ExhB, ExhC, and ExhD) were cloned and sequenced. The coding sequence of the four toxin genes ranged...
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PMID: 14996814
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Among 10 strains of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) isolated in 2002 from patients with skin infections, seven harbored the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, two harbored the exfoliative toxin A gene, and one harbored neither of these genes. CA-MRSA isolates...
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PMID: 14766862
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Our results document the existence of two international MRSA clones: (1) the Iberian clone (ST247:SCCmec IA:PFGE A:ribotype H2), endemic in the hospital and associated to a single multiresistant phenotype; and (2) clone EMRSA-15 (ST22:SCCmec IV:PFGE H-ribotype H7), appearing in the beginning of 2002...
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PMID: 15383165
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
This study has provided a new tool for detection of toxigenic Staph. hyicus and a more comprehensive picture of the prevalence of the Staph. hyicus exfoliative toxins in Danish pig herds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The multiplex PCR can be used in studies on the prevalence of toxigenic St...
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PMID: 15139918
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The exfoliative toxins of Staphylococcus aureus are responsible for the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, a blistering skin disorder that particularly affects infants and young children, as well as adults with underlying disease. Their three-dimensional structure is similar to other glutamate-sp...
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PMID: 14625102
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We report the cloning of porcine CCL27 cDNA and investigation of CCL27 mRNA expression in Staphylococcus hyicus infected piglets. At the protein level, 77 and 74% homology was found to human and mouse CCL27 sequences, respectively. The results of the expression analyses show that CCL27 mRNA is upreg...
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PMID: 14522130
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (96)1 2003
Abstract
We reported that only few isolates of S. aureus from bovine mastitis contained the eta gene encoding exfoliative toxin A (ETA) and produced ETA in vitro. In this study, we isolated temperate phages from two ETA-positive bovine isolates of S. aureus by treatment with mitomycin C. Polymerase chain rea...
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PMID: 14516710
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the basis of this exquisite specificity. Exfoliative toxin cannot cleave desmoglein 1 pretreated at 56 degrees C or higher or at low or high pH, suggesting that the proper conformation of desmoglein 1 is critical for its cleavage. Because cleavage occurs in an area of desmoglein 1 st...
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PMID: 12880431
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We set out to analyze clonality among clinical isolates of S. aureus from children with nonbullous impetigo living in a restricted geographical area in The Netherlands. We investigated whether staphylococcal nasal carriage and the nature of the staphylococcal strains were associated with the severit...
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PMID: 12843036
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (94)1 2003
Abstract
An exfoliative toxin (SIET)-producing strain (D-52) of Staphylococcus intermedius derived from canine pyoderma did not possess large plasmids. Therefore, the gene coding for SIET was considered to be located on the chromosomal DNA. The SIET gene was cloned from the chromosomal DNA of S. intermedius...
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PMID: 12742713
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (94)1 2003
Abstract
We propose the ETLT was a novel type of ET, S. intermedius exfoliative toxin (SIET)....
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PMID: 12742712
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Staphylococcal epidermolysins now constitute a family of toxins, with the recent characterizations of two new serotypes: ETC and ETD. They may be secreted by sensitive or methicillin-resistant strains. Four molecules were also identified in Staphylococcus hyicus responsible for exudative epidermitis...
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PMID: 12734438
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A total of 429 different Staphylococcus aureus isolates encompassing 219 blood isolates and 210 isolates taken from anterior nares were systematically searched by two multiplex PCR-DNA enzyme immunoassays (PCR-DEIA) for exfoliative toxin (ET) genes eta and etb, as well as for the classical members o...
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PMID: 12682126
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Genotyping of sixteen exfoliative toxin-producing (ET-positive) strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in maternity units of two distant hospitals was accomplished by PFGE, ribotyping, PCR ribotyping, and prophage carriage. Three strains secreted combined ETA + ETB, and the remaining produced ETA...
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PMID: 12635937
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
European Journal of Pediatrics (161)12 2002
Abstract
A previously well, spontaneously breathing premature infant (gestational age 25 weeks, birth weight 364 g, age 74 days) developed staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS). A methicillin-sensitive strain of Staphylococcus aureus producing exfoliative toxins A and B (ETA, ETB) was isolated from a g...
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PMID: 12447663
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Infection and Immunity (70)10 2002
Abstract
We identified a novel pathogenicity island in Staphylococcus aureus which contains open reading frames (ORFs) similar to the exfoliative toxin (ET) gene, glutamyl endopeptidase gene, and edin-B gene in tandem and the phage resistance gene, flanked by hsdM, hsdS (restriction and modification system),...
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PMID: 12228315
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome in an adult due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Abstract
We report a case of a 71-year-old man with staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS). The patient, with a chronic history of diabetes mellitus, was admitted to our hospital with lumbago, and a diagnosis of renal-cell carcinoma with bone metastasis was made. In hospital he had sudden onset of high...
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PMID: 12373491
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Eight hundred nine MRSA isolates were classified into 49 genotypes. We observed differing prevalences of genotypes for different hospital wards, and could rapidly demonstrate the similarity of genotype for outbreak isolates. The incidence of genotype D: SEC/TSST1 was significantly higher in isolates...
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PMID: 12269447
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We show that these toxins act as serine proteases with extremely focused molecular specificity to cleave mouse and human desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) once after glutamic acid residue 381 between extracellular domains 3 and 4. Mutation of the predicted catalytically active serine to alanine completely inhibit...
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PMID: 12093888
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
FEMS Microbiology Letters (212)1 2002
Abstract
The exfoliative toxins of Staphylococcus aureus are the causative agents of the scalded-skin syndrome. Previously described methods of toxin production and purification require large quantities of culture medium, take a long time and often produce low yields of toxin. A novel method of toxin product...
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PMID: 12076784
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We have demonstrated that exfoliative toxin A specifically cleaves desmoglein 1, a desmosomal adhesion molecule, that when inactivated results in blisters. In this study we determine the target molecule for exfoliative toxin B. Exfoliative toxin B injected in neonatal mice caused superficial epiderm...
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PMID: 11982763
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Clinical symptoms of impetigo and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome may not only be expressed as the splitting of cell layers within the epidermis but are often accompanied by some localized inflammation. Toxin patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates originating from patients with impetigo and...
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PMID: 11724844
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Infection and Immunity (69)12 2001
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of pETB, a 38.2-kb Staphylococcus aureus plasmid encoding the exfoliative toxin B (ETB), was determined. A total of 50 open reading frames were identified on the plasmid genome and, among these, 32 showed sequence similarity to known proteins. pETB contains three cop...
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PMID: 11705958
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Biological Chemistry (276)45 2001
Abstract
Rhodamine-labeled phalloidin staining of morphologically differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes demonstrated that F-actin predominantly exists juxtaposed to and lining the inner face of the plasma membrane (cortical actin) with a smaller amount of stress fiber and/or ruffling actin confined to the cell bot...
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PMID: 11546823
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.