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Heartwater Disease (0):
Recent article
Heartwater Disease
Abstract
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Abstract
Abstract
Heartwater was first recognised and recorded in South Africa as early as 1838. Since then the disease has been described from almost all the countries in Africa south of the Sahara, from certain islands around Africa and from a number of islands in the Caribbean. Most of the research on the disease,...
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PMID: 20458858
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Parassitologia (50)3-4 2008
Abstract
During the late nineteenth century, settler farmers in southern Africa identified heartwater as a damaging disease of small stock and cattle. They advanced various explanations of the disease, including the theory that it was caused by the bite of ticks. Around 1900, the American entomologist C.P. L...
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PMID: 20055238
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategies using the Ehrlichia ruminantium 1H12 pCMViUBs_ORFs [Pretorius A, Collins NE, Steyn HC, Van Strijp F, Van Kleef M, Allsopp BA. Protection against heartwater by DNA immunisation with four Ehrlichia ruminantium open reading frames. Vaccine 2007;25(12):23...
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PMID: 18602727
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Ehrlichia ruminantium is the causative agent of heartwater, a major tick-borne disease of livestock in Africa introduced in the Caribbean and threatening to emerge and spread in the American mainland. Complete genome sequencing was done for two isolates of E. ruminantium of differing...
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PMID: 17644446
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Parasitology (153)3-4 2008
Abstract
We report Marie Galante as one of the Caribbean islands most heavily infested by the tropical bont tick (TBT) Amblyomma variegatum which is associated with two major diseases of ruminants: heartwater and dermatophilosis. In 2005, a survey was undertaken to assess the prevalence of TBT infestation in...
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PMID: 18406061
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Serum samples collected in a cross-sectional survey of grazing cattle on Manyara Ranch, Monduli district, Tanzania, were tested by indirect major antigenic protein 1 fragment B (MAP 1-B) ELISA to determine the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia ruminantium and to assess ranch-level risk factors for heartwa...
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PMID: 18846851
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Four stocks of Ehrlichia ruminantium (Welgevonden, Ball3, Nonile and Blaauwkrans), the causative agent of heartwater in domestic ruminants, were isolated into Ixodes scapularis (IDE8) tick cells using the leukocyte fraction of the blood of infected sheep. Organisms of two of the E. ruminantium stock...
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PMID: 18788205
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (128)1-2 2008
Abstract
Ehrlichia ruminantium, a tick-transmitted pathogen, is the causative agent of heartwater in ruminants. In this study, a proteomic approach was used to identify host cell-specific E. ruminantium proteins encoded by the map1 multigene family, expressed in vitro in bovine endothelial and tick cell cult...
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PMID: 18006251
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Parasitology (151)2-4 2008
Abstract
The spread of Amblyomma hebraeum has been reported in Zimbabwe. At the same time there was little or no spread in the distribution of Amblyomma variegatum. This paper examines the climatic cycles and their trends in the period 1974-1999 with a view to explaining the abiotic causes of this spread, an...
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PMID: 18083309
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Heartwater (cowdriosis) is a disease of ruminants caused by a rickettsial pathogen Ehrlichia ruminantium and transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the protective efficacies of inactivated and attenuated vaccines to protect sheep against heartwater in T...
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PMID: 17920167
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (124)1-2 2007
Abstract
We amplified and sequenced a panel of eight core function genes from 12 different cultured stocks originally isolated in different areas of Africa and the Caribbean. Phylogenetic trees inferred from the sequences yielded different branching orders for different genes, and the reason for this inconsi...
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PMID: 17459616
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Trends in Parasitology (23)9 2007
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence has accumulated of the effectiveness of immunization with live attenuated vaccines to control tick-borne diseases of livestock. Despite several disadvantages, vaccination with live attenuated organisms against tropical theileriosis, babesiosis and possibly heartwater constitute...
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PMID: 17656155
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (122)3-4 2007
Abstract
Our results show that differential transcription of genes of the E. ruminantium map1 cluster occurs in vivo in different tissues of infected ticks before and during transmission feeding, indicating that this multigene family may be involved in functions of biological relevance in different stages of...
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PMID: 17321077
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
This work evaluates the effect of purification process and storage conditions (buffer formulation and temperature) on the efficacy of Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER) elementary bodies to be used as an inactivated vaccine candidate against heartwater. In vitro assays revealed that, to avoid major losses i...
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PMID: 17531356
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The seroprevalence against heartwater for maure zebus coming from Mali and Mauritania is analysed by indirect ELISA using the major antigenic protein number 1-B (MAP1-B). Sero-epidemiological results realized on maure zebu cattle give a good adequation between the abundance or absence of the vector...
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PMID: 17645191
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We have reported previously that a recombinant DNA vaccine consisting of four Ehrlichia ruminantium (Welgevonden) open reading frames (ORFs) known as the 1H12 cocktail provided protection against a virulent E. ruminantium (Welgevonden) needle challenge in sheep. In this study, we have investigated t...
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PMID: 17224211
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (120)1-2 2007
Abstract
In 1994 a batch of apparently healthy goats was selected for intended export to the USA from a heartwater-free and vector tick-free region of South Africa. The animals were tested serologically for heartwater, using either or both an IFA and an ELISA test, and 52% were found to be serologically posi...
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PMID: 17123750
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The infection rate detected by pCS20 PCR varied between 8.6% and 54.8% over the 162-day study period. Nineteen per cent of the animals in week 1 post-partum tested positive by pCS20 PCR with half of these infections (7/14) detected in the first 3 days after birth, suggesting that transmission other...
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PMID: 17662144
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
In West Africa, losses due to heartwater disease are not known because the incidence/prevalence has not been well studied or documented. To develop a diagnostic tool for molecular epidemiology, three PCR-based diagnostic assays, a nested pCS20 PCR, a nested map1 PCR and a nested reverse line blot (R...
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PMID: 17476576
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We report peracute and acute deaths in African vipers imported from Africa through Florida. Signs included vomiting mucoid fluid, diarrhea, emaciation, convulsions, and death. Postmortem showed few gross lesions. The most consistent peracute and acute lesions were the pulmonary lesions and pericardi...
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PMID: 17135546
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The understanding of the structure of Ehrlichia ruminantium stock population in the field was highlighted by experiments done in controlled conditions on the goat model. The mixture of strains observed in ticks seemed to be due to simultaneous infections rather than successive infections of the carr...
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PMID: 17114762
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
An Ehrlichia ruminantium culture system was utilized for the anti-rickettsial evaluation of two ethnoveterinary plants, Elephantorrhiza elephantina and Aloe marlothii. Well-established E. ruminantium cultures were incubated with the plant leaf acetone extracts and compared to oxytetracycline and unt...
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PMID: 17058439
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We found that the amount of IFNgamma secreted in blood from vaccinated animals after in vitro stimulation with ER antigen was not a reliable predictor of survival and could not be used to test the potency of the inactivated vaccine....
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PMID: 16621174
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases, namely, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, cowdriosis and theileriosis, constrain cattle production and improvement in Tanzania, leading to considerable economic losses. A simple spreadsheet model was used to estimate the economic losses resulting from production losses, treatment and co...
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PMID: 17137131
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
This work describes the optimization of a cost-effective process for the production of an inactivated bacterial vaccine against heartwater and the first attempt to produce the causative agent of this disease, the rickettsia Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER), using stirred tanks. In vitro, it is possible to...
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PMID: 16257480
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
We therefore amplified and sequenced a panel of seven core function genes....
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PMID: 16481500
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Emerging Infectious Diseases (11)11 2005
Abstract
Veterinary Microbiology (110)1-2 2005
Abstract
We characterize E. ruminantium growth kinetics in terms of duplication time, maximum production yield, and peak of infectivity. After a 24 h period for E. ruminantium attachment/internalization and a lag phase of 12 h, the exponential growth occurred within 36-108 h post-infection (hpi) with a net i...
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PMID: 16139967
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Veterinary Microbiology (107)3-4 2005
Abstract
I based real time PCR protocol for the quantification of ER for vaccine production purposes. The method was validated for four ER strains. The external-standard-based PCR protocol developed has a large dynamic quantitative range allowing accurate ER measurement in samples containing from 10(2) to 10...
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PMID: 15863287
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We tested 1,318 serum samples collected from sheep and goats at 28 sites in the five divisions of The Gambia to determine the Ehrlichia ruminantium seroprevalence rates and to assess the risk for heartwater. About half (51.6%) of 639 sheep were positive, with seroprevalence rates per site varying be...
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PMID: 15817758
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Heartwater is a tick-borne disease of ruminants caused by the intracellular rickettsia Ehrlichia ruminantium. The only commercially available immunization procedure involves infecting animals with cryopreserved sheep blood containing virulent E. ruminantium organisms, followed by treatment with tetr...
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PMID: 15705474
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We report here the complete 1,516,355-bp sequence of the type strain, the stock derived from the South African Welgevonden isolate. Only 62% of the genome is predicted to be coding sequence, encoding 888 proteins and 41 stable RNA species. The most striking feature is the large number of tandemly re...
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PMID: 15637156
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Australian Veterinary Journal (83)1-2 2005
Abstract
Veterinary Microbiology (103)3-4 2004
Abstract
Serum samples collected on a single occasion from cattle, sheep and goats at sites in all 10 regions of Ghana were tested for antibodies to Ehrlichia (previously Cowdria) ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater, by polyclonal competitive ELISA (PC-ELISA). The survey revealed the presence of h...
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PMID: 15504589
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Nested PCR for detection and genotyping of Ehrlichia ruminantium: use in genetic diversity analysis.
Abstract
Ehrlichia ruminantium, the agent of cowdriosis transmitted by Amblyomma ticks, presents an extensive genetic and antigenic diversity of key importance for vaccine formulation. Two means of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting were developed to conduct molecular epidemiology studies in th...
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PMID: 15604477
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
This volume of the proceedings of STVM-03 is dedicated to Dr. Connie Yunker for his many contributions to tropical veterinary medicine and for being a good colleague and friend.
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PMID: 15604513
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (101)4 2004
Abstract
These results facilitated the design of a short pCS20 probe and a large PCR target that improved the sensitivity of the E. ruminantium detection assay....
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PMID: 15262001
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Veterinary Microbiology (100)3-4 2004
Abstract
Serum samples collected monthly over a 34-month period from cattle, sheep and goats in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana were tested for antibodies to Ehrlichia (previously Cowdria) ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater, by polyclonal competitive ELISA (PC-ELISA). Maternal antibodies, detec...
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PMID: 15145496
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Veterinary Microbiology (100)3-4 2004
Abstract
IFN-gamma is considered as a key factor in protection against heartwater of ruminants, caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia ruminantium. In this study, a better definition of the molecular masses of IFN-gamma inducing proteins of the Gardel strain of E. ruminantium was obtained b...
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PMID: 15145501
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
White-tailed deer are susceptible to heartwater (Ehrlichia [Cowdria] ruminantium infection) and are likely to suffer high mortality if the disease spreads to the United States. It is vital, therefore, to validate a highly specific and sensitive detection method for E. ruminantium infection that can...
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PMID: 15373331
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A survey was carried out to define the distribution of heartwater in goats that originated from six districts in communal grazing semi-arid areas of Zambia. A total of 181 samples (40.1%) out of 451 serum samples from adult goats were positive for Ehrlichia ruminantium antibodies after screening usi...
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PMID: 15373339
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We have analyzed in goats protected by vaccination with a killed E. ruminantium vaccine, the potential of individual, genuine (i.e., non-cloned), T cell subsets to produce IFN-gamma after antigenic recall in vitro. In all vaccinated but none control animals, E. ruminantium-induced IFN-gamma secretio...
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PMID: 15127841
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Rickettsial organisms resembling Ehrlichia ruminantium (the causative organism of heartwater) were demonstrated in brain smears and formalin-fixed brain sections derived from a buffalo calf that died on a private game reserve in northern KwaZulu-Natal. The possibility that the tick-free environment...
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PMID: 15214698
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Parasite Immunology (26)2 2004
Abstract
Ehrlichia ruminantium is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes heartwater in ruminants and for which T-cell-mediated immunity is believed to play an important role in protection. To better characterize protective cellular immunity, E. ruminantium-specific IFN-gamma and IL-4 recall response...
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PMID: 15225296
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are widespread in the Sudan, cause substantial economic losses and constitute major obstacles to the development of animal wealth. Most important among these diseases are tropical theileriosis, malignant ovine theileriosis, cowdriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis and avian...
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PMID: 16929763
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Infected sheep treated with DMSO were able to maintain pulmonary gas exchange and had reduced pleural effusion and plasma protein loss, compared with infected untreated sheep that became hypoxic. Infected treated sheep developed an uncompensated metabolic acidosis. Uninfected treated sheep had reduc...
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PMID: 14672434
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
These results indicate that both assays are highly sensitive and specific for detection of E. ruminantium exposure in sheep but that the MAP1-B ELISA lacks sensitivity for postseroconversion bovine sera in comparison to the PC-ELISA. Both tests confirm E. ruminantium seroprevalence of at least 70% i...
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PMID: 12965927
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A polyclonal competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PC-ELISA) is described for detection of antibodies to Ehrlichia (Cowdria) ruminantium by using a soluble extract of endothelial cell culture-derived E. ruminantium as the antigen and biotin-labeled polyclonal goat immunoglobulins as the com...
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PMID: 12965926
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Detection of heartwater is not always easy especially because all the serological assays so far available either have poor sensitivity or specificity. The indirect MAP-1B ELISA has been reported to be the most specific test for heartwater, although it does also detect antibodies to some closely rela...
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PMID: 14621319
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A total of 1,286 caprine serum samples collected from three communal land areas in Zimbabwe from March 1999 to February 2000 were tested for Ehrlichia ruminantium antibodies using the indirect MAP1-B enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the 480 samples tested from Mudzi, a non-heartwater area, 425...
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PMID: 14621321
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Abstract
We have developed two new experimental vaccines, a live attenuated vaccine and a nucleic acid vaccine. The attenuated vaccine was developed by continuous passage of E. ruminantium organisms of the virulent Welgevonden isolate in a continuous canine macrophage-monocyte cell line. After more than 50 p...
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PMID: 12860676
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We have sequenced and carried out phylogenetic analysis of a range of genes from a number of E. ruminantium isolates. The genes include ribonuclease III and cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein genes (the pCS20 region), groESL, citrate synthase (gltA), and 16S ribosomal RNA. Relationships among maj...
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PMID: 12860707
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The Welgevonden stock of Ehrlichia ruminantium, aetiological agent of heartwater, was propagated in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells and Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. The cultures required supplementation of the medium with cycloheximide for reliable gr...
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PMID: 12967175
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.