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Welcome to the Pubget Medical Subject Headings (MESH) browser. Click on a topic or subtopic below to explore related papers. In the gold box is the most recent paper about the current MESH term, and below are 20 related papers.
Animals (3):
Recent article
Animals
Abstract
We show that RegIIIγ, a secreted antibacterial lectin, is essential for maintaining a ~50-micrometer zone that physically separates the microbiota from the small intestinal epithelial surface. Loss of host-bacterial segregation in RegIIIγ(-/-) mice was coupled to increased bacterial colonization o...
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PMID: 21998396
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
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Abstract
We depleted the intestinal microbiota of mice with antibiotics before inoculation with poliovirus, an enteric virus. Antibiotic-treated mice were less susceptible to poliovirus disease and supported minimal viral replication in the intestine. Exposure to bacteria or their N-acetylglucosamine-contain...
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PMID: 21998395
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We found that MMTV, when ingested by newborn mice, stimulates a state of unresponsiveness toward viral antigens. This process required the intestinal microbiota, as antibiotic-treated mice or germ-free mice did not transmit infectious virus to their offspring. MMTV-bound bacterial lipopolysaccharide...
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PMID: 21998394
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Diet changes are considered key events in human evolution. Most studies of early hominin diets focused on tooth size, shape, and craniomandibular morphology, as well as stone tools and butchered animal bones. However, in recent years, dental microwear and stable isotope analyses have...
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PMID: 21998380
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We examined the spatial configuration of Hox clusters in embryonic mouse tissues where different Hox genes are active. When the cluster is transcriptionally inactive, Hox genes associate into a single 3D structure delimited from flanking regions. Once transcription starts, Hox clusters switch to a b...
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PMID: 21998387
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We report that early gamma oscillations (EGOs) enable precise spatiotemporal thalamocortical synchronization in the neonatal rat whisker sensory system. Driven by a thalamic gamma oscillator and initially independent of cortical inhibition, EGOs synchronize neurons in a single thalamic barreloid and...
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PMID: 21998388
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Abstract
We show that platelet-derived growth factor receptor (Pdgfr) signalling controls age-dependent β-cell proliferation in mouse and human pancreatic islets. With age, declining β-cell Pdgfr levels were accompanied by reductions in β-cell enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (Ezh2) levels and β-cell replic...
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PMID: 21993628
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We show, in humans and rhesus monkeys, that a transcortical pathway through primary motor cortex (M1) resolves this ambiguity during fast feedback control. We demonstrate that single M1 neurons of behaving monkeys can integrate shoulder and elbow motion information into motor commands that appropria...
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PMID: 21964335
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Abstract
We show that MyBP-C slow comprises a family of phosphoproteins. Ser-59 and Ser-62 are substrates for PKA, while Ser-83 and Thr-84 are substrates for PKC. Moreover, Ser-204 is substrate for both PKA and PKC. Importantly, the levels of phosphorylated skeletal MyBP-C proteins (i.e. slow and fast) are n...
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PMID: 21888435
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We utilize these resources to examine the evolution of glucagon-like sequences and their receptors. These studies led to the discovery of novel genes for a glucagon receptor-like receptor (Grlr) and a glucagon-like sequence (exendin) in vertebrates. Both exendin and GRLR have ancient origins, early...
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PMID: 21824259
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We have reviewed the early steps in glucagon research from its discovery in 1923 to the establishment of the basics of the physiology and pathophysiology of the hormone after the description of a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay by Unger and his co-workers in 1959....
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PMID: 21824250
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The development of the endocrine pancreas and the differentiation of its five cell types, α, β, δ, ε and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells, are a highly complex and tightly regulated process. Proper differentiation and function of α- and β-cells are critical for blood glucose homeostasis. These...
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PMID: 21824252
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We need to gain further insight into the interplay between signalling events and transcriptional networks that act in concert throughout pancreatic morphogenesis. This short review will therefore focus on the main events underlying pancreatic development with particular emphasis on the genetic deter...
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PMID: 21824256
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Excessive production of glucose by the liver contributes to fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia, hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. A central feature of this pathologic response is insufficient hepatic insulin action, due to a combination of insulin resistance and impaired β-cell function. However, a...
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PMID: 21824266
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Multiple bioactive peptides are produced from proglucagon encoded by glucagon gene (Gcg). Glucagon is produced in islet α-cells through processing by prohormone convertase 2 (Pcsk2) and exerts its action through the glucagon receptor (Gcgr). Although it is difficult to produce a genetic model that h...
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PMID: 21824269
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
For over 30 years it has been known that enteroendocrine cells derive from common precursor cells in the intestinal crypts. Until recently little was understood about the events that result in commitment to endocrine differentiation or the eventual segregation of over 10 different hormone-expressing...
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PMID: 21824251
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We now show that circulating levels of bioactive glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (7-36amide) start to increase above control levels exactly at the time of onset of anorexia. At this time-point, bioactive glucagon as well as total glucagon precursors and GLP-1 metabolites are already vastly elevated...
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PMID: 21824258
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Regulation of glucagon secretion by zinc: lessons from the β cell-specific Znt8 knockout mouse model
Abstract
We confirm that an increase in exogeneous zinc does inhibit glucagon secretion. To determine if there are physiological effects of zinc on glucagon secretion we used a β-cell-specific ZnT8 knockout (Znt8BKO) mouse model. Znt8BKO mice, despite showing lower granular zinc content in β-cells, showed...
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PMID: 21824264
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Glucagon is a primary regulator of hepatic glucose production (HGP) in vivo during fasting, exercise and hypoglycaemia. Glucagon also plays a role in limiting hepatic glucose uptake and producing the hyperglycaemic phenotype associated with insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. In response to a...
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PMID: 21824265
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We review our system-level analysis of the pancreatic endocrine network mechanisms of glucagon counterregulation (GCR) and their dysregulation in T1DM and focus on possible use of α-cell inhibitors (ACIs) to manipulate the glucagon axis to repair the defective GCR. Our results indicate that the GCR...
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PMID: 21824267
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Using knockout and transgenic technology, genetically modified animal models allowed us to understand the role of glucagon signalling in metabolism. Mice with a global deletion of the glucagon receptor gene (Gcgr) were designed using gene targeting. The phenotype of Gcgr(-/-) mouse provided important...
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PMID: 21824268
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Pancreatic islet cell regeneration is considered to be important in the onset and progression of diabetes and as a potential cell therapy. Current hypotheses, largely based on rodent studies, indicate continuous turnover and plasticity of α- and β-cells in adults; cell populations in rodents respon...
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PMID: 21824255
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Glucagon secretion plays an essential role in the regulation of hepatic glucose production, and elevated fasting and postprandial plasma glucagon concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) contribute to their hyperglycaemia. The reason for the hyperglucagonaemia is unclear, but recent stu...
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PMID: 21824261
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.