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Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering (45)8 2010
Abstract
I addition, and curing time on response variables including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and leachability-related properties of the stabilized/solidified (s/s) products, and to assess management options for the s/s products based on performance criteria ad...
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PMID: 20473807
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Prescrire international (18)104 2009
Abstract
(1) Plaque psoriasis is the most common form of psoriasis in children. Topical agents should be tried first, especially well-tolerated products such as emollients. Topical corticosteroids are sometimes useful during exacerbations but, given adverse effects, they should only be used for short periods...
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PMID: 20027717
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Inhalation Toxicology (21)13 2009
Abstract
Two groups of 20 healthy volunteers with cigarettes of different tar yield were compared with a group of 20 never smokers over 24 h for several biomarkers. All groups were of similar mean ages and the smokers had smoked for a homogeneous period of approximately 10 yr. The groups were assessed using...
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PMID: 19852556
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
BMC Public Health (9)1 2009
Abstract
Many smokers of "lights" believed that smoking "lights" made it easier to quit smoking (25%), that "lights" are less harmful (42%), and that smokers of "lights" take in less tar (43%). Overall most "lights" smokers (60%) had at least one of these three beliefs, a proportion significantly higher than...
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PMID: 19426502
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to model and optimize the detection of tar in cigarettes during the manufacturing process and show that low yield cigarettes contain similar levels of nicotine as compared to high yield cigarettes while B (Benzene), T(toluene) and X (xylene) (BTX) levels increase with in...
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PMID: 19745385
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Our purpose was to evaluate changes in messenger RNA levels of 84 genes representing cytokines and receptors over a repetitive-exposure time course to further define the inflammatory responses associated with mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS) exposure in an in vitro lung model. Normal human bronchial...
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PMID: 18937544
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
These results are discussed in terms of possible testing and classification strategies for dealing with existing chemicals, with particular reference to the new European Union legislation....
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PMID: 18586064
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Bioresource Technology (99)16 2008
Abstract
Calcined limestone (CaO) and calcined dolomite (CaO.MgO) were tested at bench scale to study their usefulness in cleaning hot raw gas from a fluidized bed gasifier of a synthetic or simulated refuse-derived fuel (RDF) with a high (3 wt%) content in chlorine. In the gas cleaning reactor two main reac...
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PMID: 18372172
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We conclude that under the conditions of these in vitro and in vivo studies, the EHCSS demonstrated significantly lower biological activity compared to conventional cigarettes, and may suggest the potential for reductions in human smokers....
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PMID: 18590791
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
This randomized, controlled, forced-switching, open-label, parallel-group, single-center study in 90 male and female adult smokers evaluated six biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure over a 12-week period of unrestricted smoking in the participants' normal life setting. Baseline biomarker levels were...
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PMID: 18619511
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Tobacco Control (17 Suppl 1) 2008
Abstract
The FTC has failed to seek or preserve puff count information that the industry finds important. Any standard test of tar and nicotine yields should at minimum preserve puff count information....
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PMID: 18768461
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Tobacco Control (17 Suppl 1) 2008
Abstract
Variation in ISO/FTC tar yields are predicted by a limited set of cigarette design features, especially filter ventilation, suggesting that governments should consider mandatory disclosure of cigarette design parameters as part of comprehensive tobacco product regulations....
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PMID: 18768453
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
New Zealand Medical Journal (121)1281 2008
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study isto develop a novel supported nano-NiO catalyst for tar removal in biomass gasification/pyrolysis, to significantly enhance the quality of the produced gases. For this purpose, the supported nano-NiO/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by deposition-precipitation (DP) meth...
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PMID: 18767691
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Rationale. To date no state-of-the-art clinical study has been conducted to address the question as to whether switching to lower tar cigarettes reduces exposure to smoke constituents in humans. Methods. Randomized, controlled, forced switching study in 225 adult smokers of full flavor Marlboro (MFF...
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PMID: 18565634
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
These results show that other factors (microorganisms, nitrite levels) may be negating the TSNA reductions achieved by indirect-fired curing....
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PMID: 18508168
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Abstract
We utilized a hemodynamic shearing device (HSD) to investigate the above effects in vitro in a combined system of platelets and cultured HUVECs (Human Umblical Vein ECs) under physiological shear stress. We investigated the alteration of E-selectin expression on ECs upon exposure to: (1) platelets a...
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PMID: 18452059
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Purported risk or harm reduction through product design change of cigarettes has occurred in three phases in the U.S. The first phase from the 1940s to the early 1960s included a gradual rise in filtered cigarettes. The second phase, which began in the early 1960s in response to the landmark 1964 U....
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PMID: 19630712
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
This study extends the market mapping concept introduced by Counts et al. (Counts, M.E., Hsu, F.S., Tewes, F.J., 2006. Development of a commercial cigarette "market map" comparison methodology for evaluating new or non-conventional cigarettes. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 46, 225-242) to include both...
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PMID: 18433960
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Cigarettes are a modern and industrial form of tobacco use and obviously involve more than just tobacco. A multitude of physical processes and chemical reactions occur inside the burning zone of a cigarette. Cigarette smoke is an aerosol of liquid droplets (the particulate phase) suspended within a m...
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PMID: 18485684
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
This article reviews the history of the introduction and use of light and mild labeled cigarettes in Japan, the "lightest" market in the world. Systematic keyword and opportunistic Web site searches were conducted on tobacco industry internal documents relevant to Japan, supplemented with relevant m...
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PMID: 18569753
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia faces the South China Sea and is vulnerable to oil pollution because of intense petroleum production activities in the area. The South China Sea is also a favored route for supertankers carrying crude oil to the Far East. Consequently, oil spills can occur, caus...
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PMID: 18328505
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A tiered testing strategy has been employed to evaluate the potential for new ingredients, tobacco processes, and technological developments to alter the mainstream smoke or biological activity that results from burning cigarette tobacco. The foundation of this evaluation strategy is comparative tes...
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PMID: 18272354
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Respiratory Research (9)1 2008
Bronchiolar chemokine expression is different after single versus repeated cigarette smoke exposure.
Abstract
We detected enhanced expression of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) by bronchial epithelial cells after 10 consecutive days of CS exposure. This was mirrored by increases in neutr...
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PMID: 18208591
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Public Health Reports (123)5 2008
Abstract
Population pharmacokinetic analysis of carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations in adult cigarette smokers.
Abstract
The data were described by a two-compartment model with zero-order input and first-order elimination with endogenous COHb. Model parameters included elimination rate constant (k(10)), central volume of distribution (Vc/F), rate constants between central and peripheral compartments (k(12) and k(21)),...
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PMID: 17764477
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The descriptive epidemiologic data help generate the hypothesis that long-term exposure to low-dose NO(x) may play a major role in causing steep increases in past ADL incidence rates. There is an urgent need to conduct further studies to determine whether the association is a causal relationship bet...
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PMID: 18086779
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) purport to lower toxicant emissions, but without clinical and long-term health outcome data, claims for reduced harm status of PREPs depend heavily on standard machine yield smoke constituent data. Two prototypes of the new carbon-filtered PREP Marlboro Ul...
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PMID: 17978995
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We used scanner data on cigarette prices and sales collected from supermarkets across the United States from 1994 to 2004 to test the hypothesis that cigarette prices are positively correlated with sales of cigarettes with higher tar and nicotine content. During this period the average inflation-adj...
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PMID: 17852768
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Mean (SD) CFVR values were similar in light cigarette and regular cigarette smokers and significantly lower than in the controls (2.68 (0.50), 2.65 (0.61), 3.11 (0.53), p = 0.013). Before and after smoking a paired t test showed that smoking two light cigarettes acutely decreased the CFVR from 2.68...
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PMID: 17502323
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Chromatography A (1164)1-2 2007
Abstract
Two methods for the sampling and analysis of tar produced from wood pyrolysis were compared. The first method used a conventional cold-trapping technique in solvent-filled impingers followed by liquid injection. The second one is a new application of multibed solid-phase adsorbent (SPA) tubes follow...
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PMID: 17628580
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We performed a study in A/J mice to explore possible betaC/cigarette smoke (CS) interactions potentially influencing lung cancer risk in smokers. A/J mice received a diet containing 120 or 600 ppm betaC for six weeks, and exposed to mainstream CS (140 mg total suspended particulates/m(3)) during the...
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PMID: 17707332
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A new field method for tar quantification was used at Coal Oil Point (COP), California to study the mechanisms transporting oil/tar from the nearby COP natural marine hydrocarbon seep field. This method segregates tar pieces into six size classes and assigns them an average mass based on laboratory...
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PMID: 17631358
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A tiered testing strategy has been employed to evaluate the potential of tobacco processes, ingredients, or technological developments to change the biological activity resulting from burning cigarette tobacco. The strategy is based on comparative chemical and biological testing. The introduction of...
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PMID: 17590321
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
DNA DSB produced directly by CSC are not principally responsible for its cytotoxicity. Further, the present study does not rule out the possibility that some of these lesions may secondarily result in DSB, such as may occur during impeded DNA replication and whose repair may require systems other th...
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PMID: 17654100
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We modified commercial cigarette filters (modified filter, MF) by injecting a DNA solution into the filter tips; we then evaluated the reduced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in mainstream tobacco smoke of MF relative to NF. The PAH measured were: fluoranthene (FLUO), pyrene (PY), benzo...
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PMID: 17459554
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We investigated how mainstream smoke emissions vary and interrelate in 15 Australian and 21 Canadian brands, using public emissions disclosures from 2001. These disclosures provided emission data for 40 hazardous agents under both standard and intensive ISO testing conditions. Our analyses focused o...
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PMID: 17654296
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Sufficient variation exists in how people smoke each cigarette that the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the years of smoking represent only crude measures of exposure to the toxins in tobacco smoke. Previous research has shown that spent cigarette filters can provide informatio...
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PMID: 17654299
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We found that 65-83% of all groundwater samples showed R(metabolite) for 2(1 H)-quinolinone, 1(2H)-isoquinolinone, 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone, and 3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-isoquinolinone, which was higher than the highest ratio found in tar products. With respect to the observed partition coefficient be...
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PMID: 17822096
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
PAH generation behaviors in carbonization were compared, using cypress, chestnut, and bamboo as samples. Generation of tarry matter was almost completed by the time the temperature reached 400 degrees C, while generation of PAHs continued until the temperature reached 1,000 degrees C. The weight of...
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PMID: 17639321
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to predict mainstream smoke constituent yields for conventional filter cigarette brands on sale in Japan between 2004 and 2005. Mainstream smoke was generated under ISO machine smoking conditions. Developed functional relationships indicate the validity of benchmarkin...
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PMID: 17502123
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Physical Chemistry A: Molecules, Spectroscopy, Kinetics, Environment and General Theory (111)25 2007
Abstract
Carbonaceous particles originating from biomass burning can account for a large fraction of organic aerosols in a local environment. Presently, their composition, physical and chemical properties, as well as their environmental effects are largely unknown. Tar balls, a distinct type of highly spheri...
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PMID: 17542565
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Tobacco Control (16)3 2007
Abstract
Filter ventilation is the dominant control on measured TNCO emissions, but other factors including burn rate, amount of tobacco and paper porosity also contribute. Yields are predictable with reasonable accuracy and precision using only measured physical parameters. Surrogate exposure indicators sug...
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PMID: 17565136
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Toxicology Letters (170)2 2007
Abstract
We investigated the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on cathepsin (B, D and L) expression and protease-mediated invasiveness in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Our results show that treatment of OSCC cells (686Tu and 101A) with CSC activated cathepsins B, D and L in a dos...
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PMID: 17399918
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Intergroup analysis of unligated teeth (without periodontal disease) did not show a significant difference regarding periodontal ligament area (2.40 +/- 0.5 mm(2), 2.72 +/- 0.7 mm(2), and 2.61 +/- 0.4 mm(2) for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively; P >0.05). Conversely, significant differences were note...
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PMID: 17397322
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
I [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-accepted values plus California EPA-accepted values as needed to fill data gaps] and set II (vice versa). The potential effects of human smoking patterns on cigarette deliveries are considered. Acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and acrylonitrile are associate...
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PMID: 17372256
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
A 30-week dermal tumor promotion study was conducted to evaluate the dermal tumor-promoting potential of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) collected from cigarettes containing flue-cured tobacco cured by a heat-exchange process (HE) relative to that of cigarettes containing flue-cured tobacco cured b...
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PMID: 17070977
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We review the evidence on the effects of mentholation on smokers, and we also identify areas for further study. Five large epidemiological studies provide no evidence that cigarette mentholation increases lung cancer risk. Mentholation cannot explain the higher risk for lung cancer in African-Americ...
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PMID: 17097785
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We performed a field study with 274 smokers and 100 non-smokers. The following biomarkers were determined: In 24-h urine: Nicotine equivalents (molar sum of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and their respective glucuronides), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, metabolit...
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PMID: 17034917
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering (42)3 2007
Abstract
We decided to initiate a research project to study the emission behaviour of tar-containing materials. Mixtures of tar and bitumen with variable PAH content were heated in an open reactor flask at different temperatures to identify and quantify the key parameters of PAH emissions. The expected linea...
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PMID: 17365290
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
We have previously reported that cigarette smoke can induce DNA damage in human lung cells without leading to apoptosis or necrosis. In this study, we report that STAT3 is required for the survival of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) following cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage. Cigarette sm...
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PMID: 17173857
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been applied to the study of mainstream cigarette smoke from cigarettes of different stated strengths (regular and various light cigarettes with different reported nicotine, tar and CO contents). This technique has allowed for the measurement of a v...
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PMID: 17046136
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The tobacco industry markets potentially reduced exposure products (PREPs) as less harmful or addictive alternatives to conventional cigarettes. This study compared the effects of mainstream smoke from Quest, Eclipse, and 2R4F reference cigarettes on the development of atherosclerosi...
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PMID: 17901562
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
Advertising plays a role in influencing how college students view light and PREP cigarette brands....
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PMID: 17511575
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract
The mouse skin cancer model provides an important system for studying mechanisms involved in the various stages of carcinogenesis and for bioassaying tobacco smoke constituents and additives for carcinogenic/cocarcinogenic and tumor-promoting properties as well as for identifying compounds that may...
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PMID: 17661226
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Respiratory Research (8)1 2007
Abstract
Quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR confirmed a 2-fold increase in pirin expression in the airway epithelium of smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.02). CSE applied to primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures demonstrated that pirin mRNA levels increase in a time-and concentration-dependent manner...
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PMID: 17288615
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Preventive Cardiology (10)2 2007
Abstract
Previous investigations demonstrated reduced exposure to selected cigarette smoke constituents in adult smokers switching from conventional cigarettes (CC) to an electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS). This study investigated whether reduced exposure and no smoking (NS) would improve e...
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PMID: 17396059
PDF is available here.
PDF is available here.
Abstract